I have had several request for an ESP32 board with an input voltage range suitable for operating off a 12V battery or a solar panel and battery. I added a switching regulator to the base ESP32 development board. The board is the same size as my popular ESP32 board and can work with an input voltage in the 6V to 38V range. The board can be powered directly from automotive power without additional spike suppression. That makes the board suitable for use in RVs, cars and motorcycles without external regulators. In addition to powering itself the board can power some external devices with 5V up to 200mA while powering the ESP32. The board can be powered from an external power supply of up to 38V or the USB connector or both at the same time.

Using an ESP32 in a vehicle has required a separate power supply that can survive the spikes present on the power due to the starter motor and ignition noise. A power supply with an 18V input does not survive in an automobile, the spike kill it. The design I used on this board has been extensively used in designs fitted in cars and it is reliable.

三代序列比对算法minimap2的优缺点-sci666:2021-2-25 · 目前谷歌引用次数已经达到431次（截止时间2021.11.3日 ），可谓是三代序列处理一大利器。当时正好我也在研究三代序列比对，发现minimap2方法确实好用，最大的优势就是速度快，是真的快。而且比对结果比较不错，要说缺点，那主要的缺点就是耗 ...

The switching regulator can provide 5V at 500mA continuously and I recommend that the external current draw be limited to 200mA. An ESP32 does not need a 300mA supply but I have found that if I have a load of greater than 250mA on the external 5V pin then sometimes the ESP32 does not power up correctly.

One of the applications of this board is to drive a Nextion intelligent display with the ESP32. I have tested the board with displays up to 3.5″ and they work correctly when powered off the 5V output from the ESP32_SW board. Nextion provides a 3D printable bezel for the displays and its easy to add a back cover to house the ESP32 in the same enclosure.

全球没人能监控的聊天软件也要死了 — Telegram - 安全客 ...:2021-3-26 · 目前只有一个人拿到过这笔奖金，不过他发现的也仅是一个可能会导致问题的隐患。 不仅如此漏洞收购平台Zerodium 对Telegram的漏洞还开出了最高 50 万美元的报价，Telegram的安全程度可见一斑。 一个漏洞50万美金！ 2、功能设置贴心 聊天记录不支持服务器

http://www.ezsbc.com/index.php/products/wifi01-sw.html

In the store you can find an ESP32 board with the PCB outline and pinout of a Huzzah32. Normally my designs are original and try to maximize the functions that are available on the board pins. This board breaks with the tradition and is a clone of an existing design.

Why make a clone of another board? First and foremost it is not a straight copy of he original board, rather it is an improved version of the Huzzah32. The original has issues with the biggest two being the price and the power consumption in deep sleep mode. The current consumption in deep sleep mode is about 10uA. The battery voltage monitor is nearly identical to the original and has two 100k resistors in series with the center tap connected an ADC channel . In this design it would be the dominant power draw in Deep Sleep mode so I added a high side switch that disconnects the resistors from the LiPo-cell when the board is in sleep mode.

Other small changes are the addition of activity LEDs for the RX and TX signals of the USB to Serial converter, a cutout of the PCB underneath the printed antenna of the Wroom-32 module to restore the RF performance of the Wroom-32 module.

http://www.ezsbc.com/index.php/products/esp32-feather.html

赤兔加速器

There’s an extra step needed measure the cell voltage. By default the sense resistors are not attached to the cell since they would represent a constant current drain of about 20uA on the charged cell. The original Huzzah 32 design has such terrible deep sleep current consumption that the extra 20uA was not a big deal compared the the 2mA static load on the cell.

To turn on the voltage sensing IO-pin 2 has to be set high before the voltage is measured. After the voltage measurement IO-2 should be set low to conserve battery charge. When the ESP32 is put into deep sleep mode IO2 is automatically low so that the resistors are disconnected.

AnalogRead does indeed work on the ESP32.  Many sites and posts that claim that the Analog to Digital converter of the ESP32 doesn’t work.  I have tested analogRead using the code below and it works as expected.  The code below compiles and downloads to my ESP32 Development board and produces correct results.  The input pin is the seventh pin from the top on the left hand side of the ESP32 Development Board.

#define RLED 16
#define InPin 33

安卓免费fq工具

void setup() {
   Serial.begin(115200);
   pinMode(RLED, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
   digitalWrite(RLED, LOW);
   delay(100);
   x = analogRead( InPin );
   Serial.println( x );
   digitalWrite(RLED, HIGH);
   delay(100);
}

Have fun!

芙清凝胶的正确用法_中国美容美体网:2021-1-22 · 芙清是是有名的医美护肤品牌，目前市面上流行用医美护肤产，因为医美护肤产品很安全，而且效果也比较好，可以很好的修复肌肤，芙清凝胶就是一款比较受欢迎的产品，芙清凝胶的正确用法是怎 …

ESP32 Arduino Setup

The upload speed is fast and it works just like an Arduino board.  Press the upload button and the code magically appears in the module memory.  No buttons to press, just works.

IVHJLP 浴室用シェルフ、ダブルダブルポールフル銅ガラ …:素材の特徴：軽量で耐久性があり、色あせない、このバスルームラックはあなたの最良の選択です。家庭の装飾製品で広く使用されています。省スペース-コンパクトサイズ、巨大な収納スペース、キッチン、トイレ、リビングルーム、バルコニーなどで広く使用されています[サイズ]：45/50/60 ...

The second purpose of having the PCB extend all the way to the top of the module’s  PCB is to allow me to manufacture the boards in a panel.  If the module extends past the PCB then you can only place them next to each other in the panel.  This leads to a long and narrow panel which bends in the reflow oven preventing the modules from sitting flush with the PCB.  I ended up breaking the panels in half to get a less flexible panel.  An additional benefit is that the thicker PCB protect the module’s PCB during shipping.

Here is the current version of the$16.95  ESP32 development board using an ESP-WROOM-32 module directly from Espressif.   My optimism about the availability of the ESP32S modules from AI-Thinker was misplaced.  I believe they are finally shipping now but since I haven’t seen any with my own eyes I remain unconvinced.  In the meantime, I switched to a module that is actually available in production quantities.

Top View of New PCB

The ESP32 board has a Espressif WROOM-32 module installed with the pinout marked on the PCB albeit in very small letters.    The PCB is routed out under the antenna for the best RF performance.  The WROOM-32 module is certified worldwide by the relevant authorities and has an FCC Id number.

明星用的ins是什么软件:2021-9-20 · 这个是国外的一款图片和短视频分享软件instagram， 叫百度一下就可以下载了，但是，使用的话必须fq， 搜索fqrouter,或者云墙，目前都可以达到目的。 is where you can buy some for $16.95 each.  The schematic is also available for download and there are a few example programs on the forum.

It seems that most ESP32 breakout boards are vaporware or futureware.  I have been buying ESP8266 modules for some time and recently ordered ESP32S modules directly from AI-Thinker.  They started signing their email with “Notes:ESP-32 begin to sale!” and I assumed that it means that I can buy as many as I need.

I asked for a price for a few hundred modules, was quoted a price and when I placed an order I was told that they will ship me one module for development.  After some back and forward one became two and it was duely shipped with some ESP8266-07 modules that I use for some custom products and my breakout board.  http://www.ezsbc.com/index.php/featured-products-list-home-page/wifi01.html  A few weeks later I received an email saying that the ESP32S was now in stock and I ordered a few hundred with some ESP8266 modules.  That was about two months ago and I’m still waiting.

On Friday, 6 Jan 2017 I finally got a tracking number for my modules.

Here is my brand new ESP32 development board.  Other than the ESP32 module it has an FTDI FT231XS USB to Serial converter, A 3.3V LDO, Reset and Flash Switches and a multi color LED.

There are two tri-color LEDs on the board.  One has the red and green LEDs hooked up to the FT231 to signal transmit and receive activity and the other is connected to three IO pins on the ESP32S module.

The board supports auto-download from the Arduino environment and will automatically be set in download mode by the downloader.  Once the download is complete the board will be reset, just like a normal Arduino board.

All the required capacitors and pull-up resistors are fitted on the board.  The board can be powered from an external power supply of up to 12V or the USB connector or both.

Unlike most other boards this one fits on a breadboard and has one row of pins accessible on each side of the board.

The schematic will be available once the board is listed for sale.  If you are interested in the board drop me a line at sales @ ezsbc.com

The board is expected to be available in volume by Jan 15, 2017 for $19.95 per board.

Edit: You can buy the boards here  for $16.95.  The board uses the ESP-WROOM-32 module instead of the AI-Thinker ESP32S module due to continuing supply problems with the AI-Thinker module.

I recently described a board for hacking on OpenWrt and that also has connectors for adding USB peripherals and custom made PCBs.  The AR9331 board is described in the post immediately preceding this one.  Here I will describe the connectors in more detail.

The board has the following connectors:

• Power Input
• fq必下app
• 目前能用的fq
• 现在怎么fq
• WiFi Antenna Port
• The Expansion Connector

The Power Input is used for powering the board and the peripherals attached to the board including the USB Type A ports.  The board has a switch mode regulator to convert the input voltage to 5V at high efficiency.  A standard barrel socket is used with the center pin connected to positive and the outer sleave being ground.   The ideal input voltage is 12V since the efficiency is very high at 12V input but any voltage from 7V to 17V will work.  The 7V lower limit is dictated by the maximum duty cycle of the switching regulator.  The switching regulator is rated for 20V continuous but I prefer to not use input voltages higher than 17V to prevent spikes from killing the regulator.   The input voltage will spike if the power is unplugged while the board is drawing significant current.  There is a 1A PolyFuse is series with the input voltage to protect the PCB from damage if there is a short circuit somewhere on the board or USB plugs.

The RJ45 ports have integrated magnetics and the tabs for the cable connector point downwards.  Ordinary Cat5 and Cat5E cables can be used.

virmach圣何塞fq合租--VPS服务器租用测评:2021-7-25 · 求目前能用的批量发whatsapp消息的程序，开源的最好 2021-04-27 前天开的plus今天就送了 2021-11-09 开心小站长部分页面使用网络爬虫技术及AI写作技术生成，如发现不良信息或侵犯到了您的权 …

The Mini-USB port has a FT231SX USB to serial adapter between it and the AR9331’s integrated UART.  This serial port is used by the Linux kernel as an error reporting channel.  You can log in using the root password and change setup of the WiFi and firewall tables.  Also, if all else fails, you can upload new firmware through this port.  Normally the firmware would be uploaded via the Ethernet or WiFi ports.  A change in the build settings for OpenWrt can make this serial port available for general use.

The WiFi port is a 50 Ohm 2.4GHz port for transmitting and receiving the WiFi signals.  The connector is a standard IPAX u.FL connector and you can connect any 50 Ohm antenna to the module.  These connectors are not designed for many mating cycles and a typical spec is 10 cycles.  The boards will be supplied with an antenna that is printed on a PCB but any standard 2.4GHz antenna will work.

The Expansion Connector is a 20-pin 0.1″ header connector and is not fitted on the modules.  The connector has a a number of signals that connect directly to the AR9331 SOC and they should be treated with care.  The AR9331 is a 2.5V device and its pins are NOT 3.3V or 5V tolerant.

让 K8S 在 GFW 内愉快的航行-云栖社区-阿里云:2021-5-9 · 目前只有折中方案可以曲线救国，但这在使用上还是造来的不变，没有稳定的镜像同步途径，如果你能FQ那么还好一些，如果不行很多K8S生态中的新兴技术你可能很难体验了 (tekton、knative)等，这种情况下你只能去国内镜像站找别人传上来的副本，如：阿里云

• GPIO15 is shared with a signal called LED4 on the AR9331 and the description reads “Ethernet switch LED3” and it defaults to a general purpose IO pin.
• GPIO16 is shared with LED5 for which there is even less information available but it defaults to an IO pin.
• GPIO18 can be configured as I2S_CK for an I2S audio inteface.
• GPIO19 can be configured as I2S_WS for an I2S audio inteface.
• 在超算上用sentieon快速完成NGS的变异检测 - 简书:比如说我投递的bwa目前就是在满负荷运行中。 运行情况 尽管程序在计算节点里计算，但是运行过程中的信息还是会出现在屏幕上，所以理论上，我应该用 yhrun -n 1 -p free align.sh 2> align.log 来运行程序比较 …
• GPIO21 can be configured as I2S_MCK for an I2S audio inteface.
• 求助，目前mac下好用的FQ软件是什么？收费也行，天行不 ...:2021-7-18 · 刚续了一年就不能用了~~~~~ 首页 社区 苹果工具 发帖 客户端 登录 注册 社区 Mac 正文 求助，目前mac下好用的FQ软件是什么？收费也行，天行不能用了~ 发表于: 2021-07-18 10:01:57 ...
• speedtest 能跑满，但是 youtube 就不行是为啥？ - V2EX:2021-5-18 · 宽带症候群 - @shayang888 - 家里 100m 的电信宽带，speedtest 单线程测试能跑满，但是看个 youtube 4k 60fps 或者 4k 30fps 直播 速度只有 5 ～ 8w，完全跑不满这是为啥
• 我的地下城副本_第四十二章 告白_起点中文网_小说下载 ...:2021-3-6 · 我的地下城副本最新章节阅读，我的地下城副本是一部游戏小说,由轻轻沉创作,起点提供首发更新。第一百八十章 看来程导师才是商业奇才(2021.02.16)
• GPIO26 is a general purpose IO-pin that can be configured as a generic LED driver.
• GPIO27 is a general purpose IO-pin that can be configured as a generic LED driver.
• GPIO28 is a general purpose IO-pin that can be used to control and external Low Noise Amplifier for increased WiFi sensitivity. It is always available as an IO pin on this board.

The I2S Interface

I2S/SPDIF out is an audio interface that support up to 48 KHz sampling clock and a serial clock of more than 512 * sampling frequency. It also supports seamless switching of the audio out stream from I2S to SPDIF.  I2S MIC is also supported.  Can generate serial clock for various sampling frequencies.

赤兔加速器

It is a low cost development board that lets you embed Linux into your projects. It runs OpenWrt with a Linux kernel, has 2 USB host ports and has full Ethernet and 802.11 b/g/n WiFi capabilities.

现在的网友用什么fq

• 现在的网友用什么fq
• Voice over IP
• Mesh WiFi
• Industrial Control
• Internet Radio
• 3G/4G router

OpenWrt is a reliable Linux distribution for embedded systems with an emphasis on networking. It is open source, actively developed and well maintained. OpenWrt uses the OPKG package system, has lots of powerful utilities and the software is maintained in package form. Users can easily install, add and remove packages to make a very customized system.

SSH实现隧道功能穿墙 - 无拘无束的猪 - 博客园 - cnblogs.com:2021-5-13 · vpn翻墙（目前可以自行架设vpn服务器，或者用外国的免费vpn服务，可见：免费实用简单的国外VPN-UltraVPN ） ssh 加密隧道转发sock5代理（本文所提） 原理： SSH客户端连接SSH服务器采用的是22号端口。然后在这个通过22号端口建立的连接上 ...

Specifications:

CPU: ATHEROS AR9331 chipset, which integrates MIPS 24Kc processor, CPU 400MHz, Hardware Ethernet Switch (MAC, PHY) and integrates with on chip MAC, RF, PA and LNA for WiFi.
RAM : 64MB;
Flash : 16MB
Interfaces: 2 x RJ45, 2 x USB Host, 1 x UART, 14 GPIOs
OS: Linux based OpenWrt
Power: 7 to 17 VDC power input with onboard switch mode regulator
WiFi: Support 150M 2.4Ghz WiFi, 802.11 b/g/n
Frequency range: 2.4~2.4835GHz
Modulation: BPSK, QPSK, CCK and OFDM (BPSK/QPSK/16-QAM/ 64-QAM)
Sensitivity @PER : 135M : -65dBm@10%PER; 65M : -65dBm@10%PER; 54M : -68dBm@10%PER; 11M : -84dBm@8% PER; 6M : -88dBm@10% PER; 1M : -90dBm@8% PER
Typical Distance: Indoor: 60m (max); Outdoor 150m (max) (with 2 dBi antenna)
RF Power: 11n: 13dBm; 11g: 13-15dBm, 11b: 16-18dBm,
好用的fq I-PEX connector.

目前能用的fq

The board was developed as an alternative to hacking a commercial router such as the TP-Link TL-WR703N Mini Portable Wireless Router to use as a development platform.  There are many routers available based on the Atheros AR9331 Chipset and running customized versions of OpenWrt or DD-Wrt software.  The TL-WR703N is popular because of its low price and small size.

Hacking a router to install OpenWrt is a well tried path to getting a functional board with open source software to allow development of low volume or one-off projects.  It has its problems.  In most cases the schematics are not available unless someone took the trouble to reverse engineer the schematics from the printed circuit board.  The TL-WR703N has been reverse engineered and the schematics are available 永久免费FQapp . I looked at the schematics and they appear reasonable and are most likely correct or nearly so.  So again, why bother making a board based on the same chipset?  Part of the answer lies in our own requirements.  We wanted a board with more than one Ethernet port and a USB port to allow us to write data on a real hard drive.  The Raspberry Pi and the Beaglebone fail the two Ethernet port requirement although they have lots of USB ports available.  In some cases we want to turn off the radio and use only the wired ports for security reasons.  Also, routing Ethernet packets without hardware assistance is a CPU killer in terms of work load.  That still leaves the option of using a commercial router and hacking it.

IVHJLP 浴室用シェルフ、ダブルダブルポールフル銅ガラ …:素材の特徴：軽量で耐久性があり、色あせない、このバスルームラックはあなたの最良の選択です。家庭の装飾製品で広く使用されています。省スペース-コンパクトサイズ、巨大な収納スペース、キッチン、トイレ、リビングルーム、バルコニーなどで広く使用されています[サイズ]：45/50/60 ...

Searching on the Internet for a fix showed that OpenWrt has a patch for the problem.  After making sure the patch was applied we tested a couple of boards and they worked well.  In fact, they worked so well that we considered the problem solved and started developing the application.  After some time a board that worked correctly acted up and would not be reliable with a hard disk attached to the AR9331 USB port.  We had previously tested this exact board with a hard drive and copied very large amounts of data from one place on the drive to another.  We also read the content of the entire drive, a few hundred gig without any problem whatsoever.  I tried another board with a physical hard drive and it worked fine but it absolutely refused to read an old USB Flash drive.  Searching on the Internet for a solution I saw a post somewhere that installing a passive USB hub between the chipset USB port and the drive (or keyboard, USB to UART adapter or some other devices) fixes the problem for some people.  We tried it and it worked! A flaky USB system became reliable. Two questions remained; Is it really fixed? and What is the cause?  There is a large topic on the OpenWrt forum that started in 2012 and is still going about this USB issue.  http://forum.openwrt.org/viewtopic.php?id=39956  There were many theories and suggestions including reading undocumented registers and writing the contents back periodically.  More searching and emails eventually crystallized into the following facts:

• All AR9331 devices have a USB stability issue
• It is not power supply related
• Disabling the WiFi makes the problem go away
• The problem can be solved by adding a USB 2.0 Hub between the AR9331 and the offending devices
• USB 1.1 devices never work reliably.

The problem seems to be due to a hardware bug in the AR9331 and terminology problems.  The AR9331 has a USB2.0 controller and it works reliably with USB 2.0 devices (only) but is unreliable with USB 1.1 or Full Speed USB devices.  The problem can be resolved in hardware by installing a hub that connects to the AR9331 as a high speed USB 2.0 device and translates USB 1.1 transactions to USB 2.0 transactions.

I added a USB 2.0 Hub to the board and for good measure I added a second USB host port as well.  We now have reliable USB ports for anything recognized by the software.  Since one of our aims is to use physical hard drives attached to the USB ports I added a 5V 3A switch mode regulator to the board and wired the 5V directly to the two USB host ports.  The ports don’t respect the 100mA/500mA current limits of standard USB port and will happily supply 2A or more on a port as long as the total current drain is less than 3A.

The board has been undergoing testing now for a couple of weeks and it appears that all the bugs are now in the software.  All the parts are in house but the solder paste stencil is still in process.   The board will be available for purchase by the end of June 2015 and a single unit will be below $50.

PCR仪的分类_百度文库:2021-9-14 · 二是在病毒病诊断方面的应用。目前, 用此方法对人类免疫缺陷病毒、 肝炎病毒、结核杆菌、巨细胞病毒、流感病毒A、流感病毒B等病原体的检 测。 FQ PCR 问世后的几年中,积累了大量有关病原体核酸量与感染性疾 病发生、发展和预后之间关系的资料, 这些研究资料不断丰富, 将形成感染 性疾病的临床 ...

PSU6 next to its older brother

The PSU6 has a 40V absolute maximum input voltage and will produce 1A without a heatsink.  It is mechanically identical to a LM7812K and is more accurate being within 2% of 12V under all load and input conditions.  It includes over current, thermal and short circuit protection.

One of  the improvements made to to the PSU6 based on user feedback is that the rings around the ground contacts have been increased in size.

PSU6 12V 1A switching regulator

I just finished the design and development of a new Level Shifter, LS2.  Although similar in function to the LS1 the new level shifter complements the functions of the LS1.

The  new Level Shifter is a true buffer, squaring up the input signal and driving the output signal high and low with active drivers.  The LS1 is a bi-directional circuit and drives low but has resistors for pull-up.  It is aimed at I2C circuits and low speed signals.

The LS2 outputs are low when the inputs are not driven.  Each one of the 12 inputs has a 500k pull down resistor to ground to ensure that the input will stay low while the micro driving it is in reset.  It works well with an Arduino to convert 5V or 3.3V signals to 12V.

LS12 showing inputs and outputs on the two sides.

The LS2 has two power supply pins, pin 1 and pin 28 and the buffers can translate from low to high levels or high to low levels.  The input and output power supplies determine whether the level shifting is from high to low or vice versa.  The input and output power supplies can be anywhere from 3.3 to 18V and the order in which the supplies are turned on is not important.

The LS2 has 12 channels with the inputs on the left and outputs on the right.

LS2 in a panel before being separated

The scope shot below show the measured waveform when converting a 5V signal to 12V’.

1MHz 50% duty cycle 5V square wave input.
Yellow is the input, Blue is the output signal

Rising Edge – 50ns per division

Falling Edge at 50ns per division

The LS2 level shifter is quite fast and can easily translate a 1MHz signal.

Production quantities are available now and the price is $4.95 for a 12-channel module.

In the previous post I said that with a little bit of luck the PSU5 would be in production by the end of May.  Well, the luck didn’t materialize and it took till the first week in June for it to be ready.  Even now my production capacity is a little limited due to a fault in the solder paste stencil.

From the picture above you can see that the inductor mounting pads did not get any paste.  The stencil file provided by the PCB supplier to the stencil manufacturer did not contain the openings for the inductor pads.  Normally paste openings are rectangular and because these were not strictly rectangles the CAM program dropped them from the paste mask.  The supplier is re-manufacturing the stencil and for the time being the paste for the inductors are being added with a manual paste dispenser.  Fortunately the pads are large so it is easy to do.  A long story short; The LM232K replacement is called PSU5 and is available for sale from the shop.  See http://www.ezsbc.com/index.php/products/psu5.html

The first prototypes of the LM323 Replacement were difficult to manufacture.  In particular the trim resistor would not pick correctly in my pick and place machine.  The hole in the center of the adjustment ring was big enough to allow enough air to leak so that it kept falling off the nozzle when the placement head accelerated.  I substituted the trimmer with a different brand and the problem is resolved.

PSU5 next the an original LM323

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Like the original LM323 the bottom of the PSU5 is connected to the ground terminal.  The production PCBs have been ordered and with a little luck production quantities will be available by the end of May.

The pins of the LM323 Replacement is the same diameter as the original but slightly shorter.

The LM323 Replacement is a little lower in profile the the original ensuring that it will fit everywhere.

For all of my pinball and video game customers I have a new product in the works.  Many of the pinball and video game consoles use LM323K devices as 5V regulators.  As many of you may know the LM323 has now been discontinued by all the manufacturers and prices are beginning to skyrocket.  This was a very popular and long lived part so there is probably many parts sitting in inventory at many companies so supplies won’t disappear overnight.

In many applications the LM323 is hard to substitute since it is a high current regulator rated at 3A.  I made a PCB with the same footprint as the LM323 and it contains a switch mode voltage regulator.

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The LM323 replacement is designed with components rated at 4A.  The bottom of the PCB contains only the ground connection, same as the LM323.  The neat rows of vias are thermal connections between the top and bottom of the PCB.  One of the items that has to wait for the production PCB is the final current rating of the LM323 replacement without a heatsink and with the small heatsinks found on some PCB’s.  It will be better than the original but the aim is to reach 3A continuous from a 12V input without a heatsink.  The copper on the prototype PCB’s is only 35 micron thick and that limits the thermal performance.  The production PCB’s will have 70 micron copper to help with heat conduction from top to bottom.  All the filter capacitors are on the PCB.  The height of the assembly is 4mm above the PCB or 5.6mm total measured from the bottom of the PCB to the top of the highest component.  The exposed areas of the copper is coated with nickel and gold to prevent corrosion even in very hard conditions.

GitHub - bryan-lai/FQ: 小米路由器R1D V2Ray安装指南:2021-6-10 · 由于众所周知的原因，SS基本已经不能用了，目前使用V2ray效果不错。家里小米路由器1代SS插件也无效了，苦于网上资料太少。研究了一天才搞定，特此分享给需要的人。 原理 copy了几个类似的安装步骤，都不起作用。不明白原理，稍有问题就无效。

I have always been surprised by the high price of GPS modules that provide a location and a time reference.  There is a module developer seeking funding on Indiegogo for a sub $15 module that has a modern GPS receiver and CPU on a tiny PCB.  For details see this link http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/navspark-packing-32bit-features-and-gps-into-8bit-size-and-price/x/5740438

I would like to see this project succeed so please tell your 5000 closest friends about it.

Some people noticed that the first Power Supply Module to appear on the site was named PSU2.  This oddity was due to design named PSU1 turned out to be remarkably difficult to assemble with a decent yield.  The PSU2 was designed to fill the immediate need for 5V and 3.3V switching regulators that are drop in replacements for linear three pin regulators such as the 7805 but without the headache of the heatsink.  This is particularly true when the supply voltage is 12V.  Even at 500mA load current the heatsink is embarrassingly large.   The design of the PSU2 was done in a short time and it is a very successful design that has very low ripple and noise.  The switching frequency is high to keep the filter components small.  The two limitations of the PSU2 is that the input voltage range is restricted to 17V maximum and that is less than the original 7805 family and the highest output voltage available is 5V, again lower than the original 7800 family.

The PSU1 design overcomes these limitations while keeping the same form factor as the PSU2.  The only difference in the mechanical size is the PSU1 has a larger inductor.

The photograph above shows a panel of the PSU1 design after reflow and test.  This was the third panel assembled and the first one with 100% yield.  For those unfamiliar with assembly details this is a good example of the challenges of manufacturing small PCB’s on automatic equipment.  To be able to place the components the Pick and Place machine needs some clearance to the edge of the board and must be able to hold the board.  The strips on the outer edge are commonly referred to as ‘thieves’ (I don’t know why) and allow the machine to hold the pane and populate components up to the edge of the individual  PCB’s.  On these strips there are a few holes and copper dots.  The dots are to allow the P&P machine to determine the exact position of the panel and to correct for variations in the routing of the panel.  The dots are called ‘fiducial marks’ and are sometimes placed near fine pitch devices to allow for accurate placement of those IC’s.  The vertical lines between the individual PCB’s are ‘v-scores’ to allow the boards to be separated after assembly and in this case after testing as well.  There are limitations to the smallest size of board that can be scored and this panel can not be scored exactly next to the PCB’s due to these limitations.  The small sections of board are inserted into the panel to allow the board edges to be scored even though the blades can not be set to the width of the individual PCB’s.  By adding these small sections the board edges can be scored by passing the panel through the scoring machine twice.

The holes on the corners of the panel to allow precise alignment in my solder paste printer.  The printer has pins that exactly fit the holes and the repeatability from panel to panel is as good as the registration of the holes to the copper.  To ensure proper soldering on this design was remarkably hard.  The IC is a ball grid device with a fine pitch and it has to be mounted in close proximity to the inductor.  The noise increases and efficiency decreases as the inductor is moved further away from the away from the IC.  The mass of the inductor prevents that part of the board from heating as fast as the rest of the board and may lead to poor solder joints underneath the IC where it is impossible to inspect without x-rays.  Solder paste consist of metal, flux and other magic sauce that gives it the properties required to print correctly, not slump after printing and solder properly.  To judge the solder volume and alignment I made a test panel where the diagonals were populated with components and then it went through the reflow oven.

The photo above is of the partially populated panel after it went through the reflow oven.  Note how small the dots are for the BGA part.

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This design has a 40V input limit and eventually there will be 9V and 12V variants available.  For now the 5V and 3.3V are available in production quantities.

To emphasize how small the board is it is shown next to a LM7805.

We have experienced increased sales across all our products but the standout is the EzSBC1 where sales have risen consistently as the module gets designed into more products.  With the increased volume comes a reduction in costs, the CPU and PCB being the two items with largest price reduction in absolute terms.  Starting from 4 Nov 2013 the price for the EzSBC1 BASIC Programmable Controller drops to $39.95 for singles and $35.95 for orders of ten or more.  Educational prices do not change.  Full details at http://ezsbc.com/index.php/products/ezsbc1.html

I have run into a problem with the decoder software.  I have read many posts on how to turn the keyboard LEDs on and off but they stubbornly remain off.  Normally interfaces to a PC are extensively documented by multiple sources and widely available.  I’m surprised by how little accurate information is available.  This includes some waveforms (diagrams, not captures) that have the wrong number of clock pulses in the transmitted data.  I have been busy recently and unable to work on the issue but during the past week I got back to it and rewrote the code to toggle the LED once more and it still doesn’t work.

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Daniel

A message I posted on the forum about the vulnerability of the programs store in a programmable device created a lot interest and e-mail.  Many e-mails asked for more information on vendors who can read programs from devices with the security bits blown.  I don’t want to encourage piracy so I don’t respond to these requests with more information.  Recently a YouTube video of a presentation on Low-Cost Chip Microprobing was brought to my attention.  It has some details on how chips are protected and how the protection is circumvented.  The talk can be found here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_MsQRpwRlw

We have been working on a comprehensive PS/2 keyboard controller.  PS/2 keyboards are available in many shapes, sizes and specialty versions and most are low cost as well.  A problem with these keyboards are that they require fairly complicated code to read the data from the keyboard and translate it into a simple ASCII character.

There are a few PS/2 controllers on the market so why build another one?  The short answer is that none of the ones on the market meet our needs.  Most (All?) PS/2 controllers produce 5V signals and this is a problem for modern CPU’s that run on 3.3V.  The output ports available on the existing controllers are typically serial ports and some offer I2C interfaces.  We will offer serial, I2C and SPI outputs, simultaneously.  The power supply to the microcontroller is switchable between 3.3V and 5V to allow the keyboard decoder to be used with 3.3V and 5V systems without level shifters.  We also offer IO pins that signal when there is a character available, when the internal buffer is full and the state of the Caps Lock of the keyboard.

The first prototype had a few issues such as the PS/2 connector had to be soldered onto the bottom of the board, the reset signal was broken and some other minor issues.  The second prototype is in much better shape and we are coding away furiously.  Once the board and the code is fully tested it will be for sale at a reasonable price.  The schematic will be available to everyone  and the source code will be available to all who purchase the controller.  You will be able to modify the code to suit your own personal requirements.  The decoder is programmable without any hardware and with free software.  The CPU is quite capable and fast and has several IO pins available so you may be able to fit your entire project onto the controller.